With its sharp canines, powerful jaws, and carnivorous lifestyle, the wolffish has a fearsome and devil-like appearance that lets you know it is a true predator of the sea.

The name derives from its resemblance to the famous canine wolf species, but the similarities end there. The wolffish is a rather solitary hunter that forms tight-knit bonds with its mate. It is also an ambush predator and not a pack animal. The wolffish is an unfortunate victim of humanity’s destructive fishing practices, and several species are now in peril.

4 Incredible Wolffish Facts!

• The wolffish is also known as the sea wolf, devil fish, or eel wolf in some places.

• The wolffish can thrive in the Arctic regions as far north as Greenland. It has evolved antifreeze proteins which circulate in the blood to keep its body functioning properly in the cold waters of the north.

• These fish has a very powerful bite force that can crush the hard shell of mollusks and crustaceans almost instantly. Curiously, it does not usually hunt or feed on the soft flesh of other fish.

• Lacking a bladder: This fish doesn’t have a swim bladder or a bladder full of air. As a result, they have to keep swimming at all times. If they stopped to float, they’re so heavy they would sink to the bottom!

Wolffish Scientific Name

The wolffish is a family of species that goes by the scientific name of Anarhichadidae. This apparently derives from a Greek term meaning to climb up. They are most closely related to eelpouts, gunnels, and quillfish in the order of Perciformes. This is actually one of the most diverse orders of animals in the world. It comprises more than 10,000 species and 40% of all bony fish.

Wolffish Species

There are currently five documented species of these fish divided among two genera. Four of these species reside in the genus Anarhichas, while the wolf eel is the only species in the genus of Anarrhichthys. Here is a list of all five wolffish species. The main difference between them is their appearance and location.

• Atlantic Wolffish: Featuring a blue-gray body, a large dorsal fin, and light underside, this species resides in a stretch of territory between Labrador, Massachusetts, Greenland, Iceland, the North Sea area, and the coasts of Norway and Russia. It also resides as far south as France and Spain. The scientific name for this species is Anarhichas lupus (lupus means wolf in Latin).

• Spotted Wolffish: Also known as a leopard fish, this species inhabits both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean between Russia and Canada. Featuring dark spots, the color varies between olive green and brown.

• Northern Wolffish: Also known as the rock turbot, the bull-headed catfish, the Arctic wolffish, and many other names, this species is native to the North Atlantic and the Arctic Oceans.

• Bering Wolffish: As the name implies, this species is found around the Pacific regions of Russia and Alaska.

• Wolf Eel: This species has a very long body that resembles an eel, but it is actually a pure wolffish. It resides in the North Pacific region.

Wolffish Appearance

These fish appears quite ugly, grizzled, and almost devil like to the human eye, but looks can be deceiving. There is nothing particularly aggressive about the wolffish compared to any other carnivore, whether appealing or not to our visual senses. The wolffish is characterized by its incredibly long body (up to 7.5 feet), a big head, slender tail, powerful jaws, and multiple rows of teeth, some of which project outward from the mouth even when it’s closed.

The most common colors are blue, gray, brown, and olive green sometimes accompanied by stripes along the side of the body. It has very rudimentary and reduced scales almost hidden in the skin. Most species have a long dorsal fin running the entire length of the back and another fin covering much of the stomach and pelvic areas. The wolffish moves through the water very slowly by waving its body back and forth like an eel.

Wolffish Distribution, Population, and Habitat

The wolffish resides in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at depths between 1,000 feet and 2,000 feet. For most of the day, the wolffish lies patiently in crevices or caves to surprise and ambush unsuspecting prey that happen to pass by. This sedentary lifestyle is a deliberate tactic to kill prey in the most efficient manner possible, since the wolffish is not very fast.

Several species of wolffish have been threatened by humans. It is rarely consumed in large enough quantities for overfishing to be a problem, but in some parts of the Atlantic, population numbers have declined drastically as a result of habitat destruction and accidental catches.

Some trawling methods are so indiscriminate that they cause both problems at the same time. As the net is dragged across the bottom of the sea, it disrupts habitats and catches everything in its path, including huge masses of wolffish eggs, which may eradicate an entire generation of the species. One scientist estimated that trawling affected every inch of the New England seafloor between 1984 and 1990.

And even when it doesn’t affect the wolffish directly, trawling will catch other animals, thus reducing the abundance of prey on which the wolffish relies for survival. Without appropriate conservation and population management efforts, some wolffish are facing the real possibility of extinction.

Wolffish Predators and Prey

The wolffish is an opportunistic bottom feeder that will wait for the prey to come to it. With its sharp canines, this creature is well-adapted for crunching into the tough shells of crabs, clams, sea urchins, starfish, and other hard-shelled prey. It plays an important role in the ecosystem by keeping these fast reproducing creatures in check.

Because of its size and ferocity, the wolffish has relatively few regular predators besides sharks and humans. Even then it is hardly the first choice of prey, because the wolffish can inflict a very painful bite on humans or any other creature in defense of itself. Otherwise, though, it is not very aggressive.

Wolffish Reproduction and Lifespan

These fish has a rather unusual reproduction cycle. In the spawning season, which peaks around September and October, it forms bonded pairs and sometimes even mates for life. Unlike many species of fish, in which the females release unfertilized eggs into the water, the wolffish fertilizes the eggs internally. The female then lays thousands of eggs in huge masses between seaweed or crevices.

It takes around three to nine months for the eggs to fully hatch. Both parents play a pivotal role in raising the young, but the father has the main task of protecting the larvae in the nest for the next few months before they become independent. The young fry reaches sexual maturity at a relatively late age of five or sometimes even more (this late maturity also means that it takes time for numbers to recover when they fall, complicating conservation efforts). The typical wolffish has a life expectancy of more than 12 years.

Wolffish in Fishing and Cooking

The Atlantic wolffish is a target of recreational fishermen due to its appealing taste.

The Atlantic wolffish, like the northern and spotted wolffish, is often caught in commercial fishermen’s nets as bycatch. This means the commercial fishermen don’t intend to catch them, but they end up in the nets with other fish in the environment.

The population and habitat of these fish are under threat from nets used from bottom trawling. These nets disrupt their eggs, the adults, and the elements of their habitat.

The Atlantic wolfish has a sweet flavor that some have compared to lobster. It’s usually baked, grilled, or broiled. They are low in calories, but high in fat and protein.

There are 10 to 15 tonnes of these caught each year. Also, there approximately 1,000 tonnes of spotted wolfish caught each year.

Some recipes for Atlantic wolffish include:

• Baked Wolffish
• Wolffish with Spring Onion and Soy Ginger
• Wolffish with Dill Mustard Sauce

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