Description and Size

Though the general physiology of the cave bear would be identifiable to the modern observer, the massive frame of this ancient species is unlike anything alive today. The typical male cave bear could extend nearly seven feet from snout to tail and easily tip the scales at 2,000 pounds or more. That isn’t dramatically different from the larger Kodiak bears on record, but estimated averages can’t genuinely do justice to the scale of these beasts. One mummified specimen found in Siberia towered at 11.5 feet when standing on its hind legs, and it’s believed that it could have weighed as much as a ton and a half! Females were often half that size and discovered fossils were often previously mistaken for dwarf members of the species.

Though its proportions and general appearance aren’t that different from living bear species, it could be distinguished by its excessively large head and its extended, sloping forehead. A cave bear’s claws and teeth could both grow to be nearly two inches long, but they weren’t necessarily built for hunting since they were mostly vegetarian. Despite that, the appearance of serious injuries on many recovered cave bear skeletons suggests that they could hold their own in a fight — and that’s true in the case of tangling with large predators as well as intraspecies conflict over mates and territory. This species is so closely associated with their dwellings that even their scientific name — ursus spelaeus — translates literally as “cave bear.”

Diet: What Did Cave Bears Eat?

While the ferocious countenance and terrifying bulk of the cave bear might elicit visions of a terrifying hunter, it’s believed that cave bears were primarily vegetarian. Like modern panda bears, the teeth of the cave bear were powerful but built for grinding — making them ideal for tearing through and breaking down fiber. Ultimately, the largest influencer in this evolutionary track may have been the cave bear’s size. The energy expenditure for active hunting would be impractical given the sheer bulk of the cave bear. While they technically appear to be omnivorous and may have sometimes fed on small mammals or fish to supplement their primarily vegetative diet, the cave bear wouldn’t have been feeding on humans or similarly sized animals.

From an evolutionary perspective, this dietary discovery reveals additional texture to the history of the bear as a whole. The historical lifespan of the cave bear overlapped with that of the more aggressively omnivorous brown bear — but a 2017 study revealed that the ancestor of both of these bears has a skull shape more closely resembling the cave bear. The conclusion from researchers is that an appetite for flesh only happened later down the evolutionary chain and that the ferocious grizzlies and other bear species we know today represent a divergence. Despite this, there are some signs that cave bears may have cannibalized other members of their species — likely those who died during hibernation — though this seems to have been a rarity. It’s not entirely clear how long the typical cave bear lived, but it’s assumed they didn’t typically live for more than 20 years. That’s comparable to species like the giant panda but as much as a decade less than the modern brown bear.

• Height (Standing): 10 to 11 feet
• Weight: up to 2,200 lbs.
• Claws: 1.5-1.75 inches
• Teeth: 1.5-1.75 inches

Habitat: When and Where It Lived

The cave bear earned its name because the majority of remains were found in caves, but those same caves were where they spent most of their lives. While many modern species of bear retreat into caves to hibernate during cold seasons, cave bears actually spent most of their time within the shelter of cave networks. At the height of their population, cave bears stretched throughout much of Europe. Their reach extended from Spain to the west through Italy and Germany and as far east as Georgia, Poland, and Romania. Cave bear populations even extended northward into Russia, but the densest populations seem to have been further south. Cave bear remains have even been found on the British Isles.

Cave bears never seem to have found their way into Scandinavian countries like Finland and Norway, a natural result of the fact that these animals lived during the Pleistocene Epoch. Also known as the Great Ice Age, it penned much of Europe in with giant sheets of ice. Though large, cave bears largely managed to survive by keeping a low profile. They typically occupied the foothills of mountains and steered clear of open plains in favor of heavily wooded regions. It’s impossible to determine exactly when the cave bear become a distinct species, but it’s generally regarded to have appeared about 100,000 years ago.

Threats And Predators

With an estimated weight of a ton or more, it’s highly unlikely that the cave bear had much in the way of active predators — but records of recovered cave bear fossils reveal that life wasn’t completely without threat for these gargantuan bears. Territorial threats were the most likely cause of conflict between most cave bears and other predators, and the bones of both cave lions and bears have been found together in a state that suggests well-matched conflict. Older and infirm cave bears and cubs may have also been targets for pack hunters like wolves and hyenas.

But the biggest threat to the cave bear may very well have been its own physiology. Because of their massive energy requirements, it was not uncommon for a cave bear to enter hibernation and simply never wake up. And there is some evidence to suggest that neanderthals and early humans may have preyed on cave bears as a food source in the same way that they hunted other megafauna like the woolly mammoth. Whether humans contributed directly to the extinction of the cave bear in the same way is a more complicated question. Teeth marks from neanderthals have been found on the skeletons of cave bears, and a skull fracture found in 2021 on a 35,000-year-old Siberian cave bear skeleton leads to the belief that humans may have employed more sophisticated tools and hunting methods. But it’s hypothesized that bears were primarily hunted for their fur and the shelter of their cave rather than their meat.

Discoveries and Fossils: Where It was Found

Since they lived a relatively short time ago and occupied some of Europe’s most populous countries today, there’s been no shortage of cave bear skeletons uncovered over the years. Medieval Europeans often mistook cave bear skeletons for the remains of dragons. By the 18th century, physiologist Johann Friedrich Esper would mistake them for the remains of a polar bear. A single cave in Switzerland was discovered to hold over 30,000 cave bear skeletons, and over 100,000 fossils have been uncovered throughout Europe in total. While some of these were boiled down for phosphate during World War II, there is still an abundance of cave bear remains in the world. The largest number of cave bear fossils are from western Europe, but the cold reaches of Siberia have been a source of discovery for cave bear corpses that have been fully mummified.

Cave bears overlapped with both humans and neanderthals, and our understanding of our relationship with this ancient species has sometimes been contentious. Cave paintings and bones of cave bears with seemingly ceremonial purposes suggest that these creatures were once worshipped by primitive humans, and it’s even been suggested that both humans and cave bears inhabited the Chauvet cave together — often with gruesome and bloody results. Over 150 bones were found in Chauvet. It’s possible the charcoal drawings in the cave are the oldest representation of art on the planet.

Extinction: When Did It Die Out?

Uncovering forensics on a crime that happened roughly 30,000 years ago is difficult, and it’s left researchers with multiple competing theories about what sort of extinction event might have led to the death of the cave bear. Further strengthening the mystery is the fact that cave bears were among the first of the major megafauna to become extinct. And while there are a number of varying theories about what exactly happened, the general consensus is that it was a convergence of varying factors rather than a single incident that led to their extinction.

And while it’s likely that humans had some part to play in the decline of cave bear populations, it’s unlikely that they were the sole culprit. Humans and early neanderthals would have competed with cave bears for habitats, and the large size of the cave bear made it ill-fitted to a life out on the surface. Human intervention was likely a factor accelerating what killed fellow megafauna — an extended cold snap that greatly depleted food availability. Rather than drive them to extinction, we likely drove them out into the cold. Cave bears ultimately seem to disappear from the record somewhere between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago.

Similar Animals to the Cave Bear

1. Kodiak bear – This rare variant of the grizzly bear is roughly comparable in size to the gargantuan cave bear. They can reach a height of 10 feet when standing and weigh-in at 1,500 pounds. The Kodiak is the largest living bear species and has been isolated from other bear species for 12,000 years.
2. Brown bear – This close relative looks quite similar to the cave bear despite being significantly smaller, and the two species actually cohabited and even bred together. DNA studies have found genetic materials shared between both species that suggest hybridization. It’s likely that the smaller size of the brown bear allowed it to weather the precipitous temperature drops that killed the cave bear.
3. Woolly mammoth – This contemporary of the cave bear and ancestor of the elephant was actually significantly larger than its ursine counterpart. Mammoths could reach a height of 11 feet at the shoulder, and they could weigh as much as six tons. While they managed to survive slightly longer than cave bears, woolly mammoths eventually succumbed to the consequences of climate change.

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